A Multi-Fidelity, Multi-Scale Modeling of eVTOL Rotor Unsteady Vertiport Interactions
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The rapid growth of the urban air mobility (UAM) sector has highlighted the need for simulation tools that can accurately and efficiently predict rotor performance and noise for electric vertical takeoff and landing (e-VTOL) aircraft. The current study benchmarks two mid-fidelity rotorcraft solvers: Continuum Dynamics’ CHARM and Politecnico di Milano’s DUST, along with a high-fidelity CFD tool, OpenFOAM. These tools are evaluated against experimental data from Virginia Tech’s wind tunnel tests on a Joby Aviation e-VTOL rotor. The tested rotor is representative of modern e-VTOL designs, featuring a high blade count and optimized for forward flight performance. It was tested under both axial and edgewise inflow conditions, with key rotor performance metrics and acoustic signatures measured across a range of tip speeds and inflow velocities. The current simulation results are compared to experimental data to assess each solver’s predictive accuracy, providing insight into the trade-offs between computational cost, model fidelity, and simulation reliability in UAM-relevant operating regimes. This study particularly focuses on multi-scale flow interaction phenomena near the vertiports that exhibit both the vertiport and upstream flow induced turbulent gust effects, and the in-ground flow interaction effects, both greatly affecting the resulting rotor aerodynamic performance and acoustic radiation from an eVTOL vehicle during the approach and landing phases.
