Integrated Finite Element Neural Networks (I-FENN) for accelerating the solution of coupled problems
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Many engineering problems involve strongly coupled multiphysics and nonlinear phenomena whose numerical solution becomes prohibitively expensive at scale. To address this challenge, the Integrated Finite Element Neural Network (I-FENN) framework has been developed as a hybrid modeling paradigm that synergistically combines the robustness of the Finite Element Method (FEM) with the efficiency and expressiveness of neural networks. In I-FENN, a pre-trained neural network is embedded within a FEM solver in a staggered formulation, where FEM resolves the mechanical equilibrium while the neural network predicts the coupled or auxiliary physics, thereby reducing the number of finite-element unknowns and significantly lowering the computational cost. The I-FENN framework has been extended to a broad class of multiphysics problems, including thermoelasticity and poroelasticity, as well as nonlinear mechanics applications such as nonlocal continuum damage and phase-field fracture. In these settings, neural networks are employed as surrogate PDE solvers to approximate additional physics beyond elasticity—such as heat conduction, pore-pressure diffusion, or phase-field evolution—and their outputs are incorporated into the FEM solver as material point variables. This strategy preserves the favorable numerical properties of FEM, including stability and accuracy, while leveraging fast network inference to accelerate coupled simulations. Recent developments within I-FENN introduce advanced network architectures with enhanced generalization capabilities, including deep operator networks for handling diverse boundary conditions and loading scenarios, as well as physics-informed convolutional networks for fracture modeling. In particular, learning the spatial coupling between strain energy density and auxiliary fields enables accurate prediction of complex phenomena without explicit temporal modeling, allowing a single minimally trained network to generalize across unseen geometries, meshes, loading paths, and interaction scenarios. Benchmark studies across multiple coupled problems demonstrate that I-FENN achieves substantial computational savings that scale with problem complexity while maintaining high accuracy in critical regions of the domain. Overall, these results highlight the potential of I-FENN as a general, physics-consistent, and highly efficient hybrid solver for large-scale multiphysics and nonlinear engineering problems, offering a new paradigm for integra
