A Containerised Fluid–Structure Interaction Framework for Bristled Insect Wings at Low Reynolds Number
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This study presents a systematic computational investigation of fluid–structure interaction in the flight of miniature insects, with a particular focus on how structural flexibility influences flow leakage in discontinuous bristled wings at very low Reynolds numbers. While many previous studies have treated bristled wings as rigid structures, this work quantifies the role of wing compliance using a reproducible, containerised simulation framework. An open-source FSI solver is employed to couple fluid and structural dynamics, and a Docker-based workflow is introduced to ensure reproducibility and portability across different computing environments. This approach addresses common challenges associated with dependency management and solver consistency in complex multi-physics simulations, enabling reliable verification and community reuse. The numerical model consists of a parameterised bristled wing placed within a wind-tunnel configuration. High-fidelity simulations reveal that increasing the Young’s modulus of the bristles leads to reduced flow leakage through the wing gaps. Specifically, increasing stiffness from 9 GPa to 20 GPa results in a measurable decrease in gap flow velocity relative to the inlet velocity, indicating enhanced flow-blocking performance. These results demonstrate that stiffer bristles reduce tip deflection and improve aerodynamic effectiveness. Overall, this study highlights the importance of structural flexibility in governing bio-inspired aerodynamic mechanisms and demonstrates how a robust, scalable computational framework can resolve fluid–structure interaction effects in low-Reynolds-number flows.
