Single-particle breakage, referring to the fracture of an individual ore particle, is a fundamental concept in comminution, a process essential for metal and mineral extraction in mining. Although industrial comminution involves millions of particles interacting simultaneously, insight into how a single particle fractures, and how this behavior scales, is essential for predicting and optimizing crusher and mill performance. This work builds on our previous study [1], where a Voronoi-based discrete element method (DEM) breakage model was validated against compression tests on 14 laser-scanned granite and limestone particles, with crack patterns captured using digital image correlation (DIC). The model generally predicted crack patterns in agreement with the experiments, but the simulated force–displacement responses were overestimated due to mesh coarseness, which limited the model’s ability to capture local contact damage and the progressive increase in contact area during loading. Despite this limitation, GPU (graphics processing unit) parallelization of the DEM code enabled the upscaling of single-particle breakage behavior toward industrial machine-level simulations. In the present study, we investigate how many Voronoi cells are required to accurately capture force–displacement responses and assess whether such resolutions are computationally feasible for full-scale industrial simulations using high-performance computing. To address mesh sensitivity, a cohesive zone model for mixed-mode fracture combined with a Mohr–Coulomb failure criterion is introduced to regularize the bond fracture energy and ensure mesh-independent results [2]. REFERENCES [1] Laura Suarez, Vedad Tojaga, Erik Olsson, Adam Bilock, Magnus Evertsson, Jörgen Kajberg, Johannes Quist. Multiscale modeling of rock fracture in comminution — A comparative study of FEM accuracy and DEM scalability. Minerals Engineering, Vol. 232, 109488, 2025. [2] Vedad Tojaga, Mijo Nikolić, Michael Denzel, Jacinto Ulloa, Adnan Ibrahimbegovic, Magnus Evertsson, Adam Bilock, Timo Saksala, Johannes Quist. Advances in discrete element modeling of rock fracture for next-generation comminution models. Computational Particle Mechanics, 2025.