Validation of Timber Structure with Applied Element Method

  • Huang, Benjamin (UNSW)
  • Valipour, Hamid (UNSW)

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Modelling of structures on the verge of collapse is a challenging problem (Starossek 2018). Among others, Finite Element Method (FEM) with a range of simplifications have been widely used for (near) collapse analysis of structures (Adam et al. 2018). Conventional FEM is reasonably accurate for nonlinear analysis. However, collapse of structures typically involve extensive damage, strong geometrical nonlinearities and separation of components that violates the principles of continuum mechanics typically adopted in FEM. Therefore, Applied Element Method (AEM) has been proposed for full range collapse analysis of structures (Meguro & Tagel-Din 1997). It has been validated for reinforced concrete and steel structures but remain largely unexplored on mass timber structures. This paper is an effort to validate and demonstrate application of AEM for timber structures using Extreme Loading for Structures (ELS) software that take advantage of AEM formulation (ASI 2025). The validation involves quasi-static analysis of experiments conducted on bare and reinforced timber structures at different structural levels. These tests range from beam bending and column compression to push-over tests on glued in rod (GiR) connections, frames, and composite concrete–timber beams. Preliminary results indicate that the ELS approach can accurately reproduces global stiffness, load–displacement responses, crack development, brittle failure, and post-fracture behaviour. In component level, the simulations reflect differences in stiffness and the transition between flexural- and shear-dominated behaviour. At the frame scale, the calibrated models capture member interaction, force redistribution, stiffness degradation, and connection failure. Overall, these results demonstrate that AEM can represent both component-level failures and system-level responses in timber structures. Overall, the results shows that AEM in ELS provides a reliable and unified modelling approach for timber structures in static loading scenario as a stepping stone for advanced collapse analysis. The validation across multiple scales supports its further use in robustness assessment, alternate load-path analysis, and collapse modelling of mass bare/reinforced timber systems. A further validation and implement of strain rate effect into AEM model will enhance the capability of AEM for collapse analysis of timber structure and helps provided a simplistic approach to assess robustness of timber structure.