Isogeometric path-following of biological growth in thin shells
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The numerical simulation of growth in thin biological structures presents significant challenges due to the strong nonlinearities associated with large strains, geometric instabilities, and internal constraints such as incompressibility. Although growth modelling based on the multiplicative decomposition of the deformation gradient is well established, its integration into efficient and locking‑free shell formulations remains relatively unexplored. This contribution introduces a novel isogeometric computational framework for elastic growth in shells, built upon Kirchhoff–Love (KL) formulations. A first contribution concerns the analytical derivation of all growth‑related tangent operators required by a Riks arc‑length strategy. The exact linearization greatly improves robustness and accuracy when tracing equilibrium paths parametrized by the growth variable. A key novelty lies in extending the KL formulation to growth problems. We generalize Kiendl’s plane‑stress enforcement strategy to account for the nonlinear coupling introduced by growth. In the incompressible case, the constraint can be imposed analytically, yielding a fully consistent and computationally efficient KL growth model—an advancement that, to the authors’ knowledge, has not previously been reported. The proposed framework employs IGA discretizations with high‑continuity NURBS basis functions and a reduced patch‑wise integration scheme, ensuring low computational cost and eliminating membrane and shear locking. The integration is further enhanced by the mixed integration point (MIP) strategy, which improves the robustness of Newton‑type solvers by removing extrapolation‑locking effects typical of displacement‑based formulations. The combination of reduced integration, analytical tangent operators, and locking‑free behavior enables accurate and efficient simulations with a limited number of degrees of freedom. Overall, the presented methodology provides a unified and computationally effective approach for simulating growth in thin shells, offering a promising tool for advanced studies of morphoelastic phenomena in biological systems.
