This work presents a fully coupled thermomechanical modeling framework for the analysis of rifle barrels subjected to repeated firing. The proposed approach combines swage autofrettage–induced residual stresses with transient thermo-structural loading representative of service conditions. Temperature-dependent material behavior and thermal accumulation effects are taken into account to capture the nonlinear response of the barrel. Finite element simulations are used to evaluate the evolution of residual and total stress states over successive firing cycles. The results highlight the influence of incomplete thermal recovery on residual stress redistribution. This study provides an improved and more realistic methodology for the assessment and design of thick-walled structures exposed to cyclic thermomechanical loading.