A Framework for Multi-Physics and Multi-Scale Modelling of Battery Cells under Mechanical Abuse Scenarios

  • Dhumal, Harshwardhan (Daimler Truck AG)
  • Goekuezuem, Felix Selim (Daimler Truck AG)
  • Ricken, Tim (ISD, University of Stuttgart)

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The growing focus on the development of electric vehicles with battery cells as alternative energy sources has sparked the need for assessing the mechanical integrity of the lithium-ion battery cells under abuse scenarios to ensure safety in automotive applications. Various macroscopic load cases, such as crush or impact, can lead to highly complex and intricate microstructural phenomena within the cell, that can potentially trigger coupled mechanical, electrical, and thermal phenomena, leading to internal short circuits and thermal runaway [1]. Capturing these interactions requires a systematic modelling approach that integrates multi-scale and multi-physics considerations while remaining computationally feasible for industrial applications [2]. This work presents a methodology and roadmap for developing a comprehensive battery cell model capable of simulating mechanical deformation, electrical response, and thermal effects under abuse conditions. The proposed framework begins with high-fidelity microstructural modelling of cell components (anode, cathode, separator, cell can) to characterize local failure mechanisms. The roadmap further incorporates electrical and thermal coupling strategies by leveraging the BatMac model in LS-DYNA, enabling prediction of short-circuit initiation and heat generation during mechanical failure. Validation strategies using experimental data of the battery cell undergoing a variety of mechanical abuse scenarios are integrated into the workflow, supporting robust model calibration and predictive reliability. The proposed thermo-electro-mechanical modelling methodology can provide a powerful modelling tool and useful guidance to the design, evaluation, and monitor of the safety behaviours of battery cells. REFERENCES [1] Binghe Liu, Yikai Jia, Chunhao Yuan, Lubing Wang, Xiang Gao, Sha Yin, Jun Xu, Safety issues and mechanisms of lithium-ion battery cell upon mechanical abusive loading: A review, Energy Storage Materials, Volume 24, 2020, Pages 85-112, ISSN 2405-8297, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ensm.2019.06.036. [2] Yikai Jia, Xiang Gao, Jean-Baptiste Mouillet, Jean-Michel Terrier, Patrick Lombard, Jun Xu, Effective thermo-electro-mechanical modeling framework of lithium-ion batteries based on a representative volume element approach, Journal of Energy Storage, Volume 33, 2021, 102090, ISSN 2352-152X, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.est.2020.102090.