Wood is a natural material made of cellulose fibers embedded in a lignin–hemicellulose matrix. The hierarchical structure offers a superb strength-to-weight ratio, yet it also brings complexity due to inhomogeneity and anisotropy. A longstanding research focus has been on the understanding of wood's mechanical behavior when compressed parallel to the grain, as this loading mode shows much greater nonlinearity than tension. From a computational mechanics perspective, two primary mechanisms contribute to the nonlinear mechanical response: the short-term plasticity and the time-dependent viscoelastic or viscoplastic effects. Up to now, these two mechanisms have been treated separately, with linear viscoelastic models dominating the time-dependent aspects. This research integrates experimental data from short-period compression tests on European ash to a constitutive modeling methodology. We propose a one-dimensional elasto–viscoelastic–viscoplastic model that can capture the nonlinear response to compressive loading along the fiber direction under constant climate conditions. By incorporating instantaneous elastic deformation, rate-dependent viscoelastic effects, and irreversible viscoplastic strains, the model formulation offers a thorough representation of the time-dependent and stress-dependent behavior of wood. The suggested model provides a solid constitutive framework for describing compression behavior of wood and can act as a basis for more sophisticated multidimensional formulations.