Deciphering the Interplay Between Wetting and Chemo-Mechanical Fracture in Lithium-Ion Battery Cathode Materials
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Crack growth in lithium-ion battery electrodes is typically detrimental and undesirable. However, recent experiments [1] suggest that stabilized fracture of cathode active materials in liquid electrolytes can increase electrochemically active surfaces, shorten diffusion pathway, enhance (de)lithiation, and improve overall capacity. In order to decipher the fundamental couplings between electrolyte wetting and fracture evolution and evaluate their influences on macroscopic battery performance, a multi-physics computational framework featuring following key aspects is proposed, i.e., (i) cohesive phase-field fracture model is adopted to simulate lithium intercalation/extraction induced fracture evolution, in particular, the unified framework enables the concurrent simulation of bulk and interfacial fractures [2]; (ii) lithium concentration within cathode particle satisfies the mass conservation law, with an extra source term introduced at the (diffuse) fracture surfaces to model wetting phenomenon [3], i.e., electrochemical reaction and the corresponding resulted lithium flux at crack surfaces. The proposed framework is validated with promising experimental results on α-V2O5 single crystals [3], which offers clearer fundamental insights than polycrystalline counterparts with grain-boundary complexities, e.g., simulation and experiment show excellent agreement on fracture patterns and lithiation heterogeneities. Results reveal a mutually reinforcing interplay between wetting and fracture: i) electrolyte infiltration at fracture surfaces enhances (de)lithiation and compositional heterogeneity; ii) wetting influences fracture dynamics, including fracture modes, propagation distance, and directionality. The validated modelling framework is further applied to simulations on polycrystalline NCM particles under constant-current (dis)charging. Cracking results and battery electrochemical performance exhibit high consistency between current simulation and previous experiment [1], highlighting the critical role of wetting in promoting fracture and improving overall capacity. Reference Please refer to the attached pdf file, due to maximum 2500 character limit here.
