A 2D quadratically convergent BEM model for crack nucleation and propagation
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A boundary element framework to model the nucleation and propagation of cracks in two-dimensional quasi-brittle solids is discussed, which is based on a continuum formulation with embedded strong discontinuities (see [1]). A softening Drucker-Prager elastoplastic model governs the quasi-brittle behavior, where the softening law depends on the kinematical regularization parameter in a way that guarantees the objectivity of the fracture energy. Crack nucleation occurs at a point of the continuum when its acoustic tensor turns singular, being the orientation of the corresponding crack defined by the eigenvector of this singular tensor. A combined Newton-Raphson/Arc-length procedure is used to solve the equilibrium equations, where the consistent linearization of the equations ensures quadratic rates of asymptotic convergence with only very few iterations usually required for convergence in each load increment. Numerical examples demonstrated the fracture energy objectivity of the model and its ability to capture crack propagation without a pre-definition of crack path or the location of the first crack. However, as the inelastic forces are constant over the cells, a fine mesh is required, in the region where the cracks propagate, to obtain accurate results. An important aspect of the model is related to the value of the regularization parameter k, which can be seen as the width of the crack process zone, and which cannot be bigger than the smaller side of the cells. As this parameter affects the numerical results, for each example it must be studied which k value leads to accurate results. The proposed model is stable, has low computational cost and it proves to be efficient as it could reproduce analytical and experimental results. In future works we shall consider quadrilateral cells instead of triangular cells to deal with more general cases of crack propagation. REFERENCE [1] Fernandes, G. R.; Pituba, J. J. C.; Souza Neto, E. A. A 2D quadratically convergent Boundary Element Formulation for crack nucleation and propagation. Engineering Analysis with Boundary Elements, v.178, 106272, 2025.
