Piezo-Flexoelectricity Competition in Micro- to Nanoscale Metamaterials

  • Pham-Phu, Thuc (Ruhr-University Bochum)
  • Kozinov, Sergey (Ruhr-University Bochum)
  • Balzani, Daniel (Ruhr-University Bochum)

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Piezoelectricity is a well-known and widely applied electromechanical coupling phenomenon in industries for sensoric, actuatoric, energy generating/harvesting purposes. However, this coupling property is limited to non-centrosymmetric materials. On the other hand, flexoelectricity, a higher-order electromechanical coupling between strain gradient and electric field or vice versa between electric field gradient and mechanical strain, is present in all dielectrics, regardless of symmetry. This effect has been applied to generate piezoresponse from non-piezoelectric materials. Existing results focus on generating piezoelectricity-like responses using only flexoelectric coupling, foregoing the interplay between the different electromechanical effects. Our present work aims to bridge that gap using numerical simulations. Due to the coupling with strain gradient, a length-scale dependent quantity, flexoelectricity becomes increasingly dominant at smaller length scales. Therefore, strong research emphasis is placed on the interplay between the linear and higher-order coupling effects across different size-to-length-scale ratio to determine the optimal design choices for selected types of metamaterials [1] based on designs introduced in [2]. A mixed FE framework [3] is applied in this work to conduct numerical investigations on combined piezo- and flexoelectric material responses. The research leads to several key insights, which are reported in [1]. [1] T. Pham-Phu, S. Kozinov, D. Balzani, Competition of piezo- and flexoelectricity in metamaterials,, Int. J. Mech. Sci., 2026. [2] A. Mocci, J. Barcelo-Mercader, D. Codony, I. Arias, Geometrically polarized architected dielectrics with apparent piezoelectricity, J. Mech. Phys. Solids, 157, 104643, 2021. [3] P. H. Serrao and S. Kozinov, Robust mixed FE for analyses of higher-order electromechanical coupling in piezoelectric solids, Comput. Mech., 73, 1203-1217, 2023.