Effect of Outlet Curvature on Unsteady Flow Stability and Energy Dissipation in Idealized Cavopulmonary Junctions

  • Niranjan, Salim (Indian Institute of Technology Madras)
  • Chivukula, Venkat Keshav (University of Texas Health Science Center)
  • Balakrishnan, Komarakshi R (MGM Healthcare Pvt Ltd)
  • Sudhir, Bhanu Jayanand (SCTIMST)
  • B S V Patnaik, Prasad (Indian Institute of Technology Madras)

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The cardiovascular management of single ventricle physiology and a number of other heart defects require palliative care procedures. Often to separate the systemic and pulmonary circulation flow paths, total cavopulmonary connection (TCPC) is performed. Although the positioning and offset related aspects have been well studied, very few studies account for the local curvature of the vasculature. Here, understanding local flow organization, secondary artifacts and energy dissipation is of importance. Present study investigates TCPC configurations spanning a Dean number range of 0-80, Womersely number of 5.7-8.8 and peak Reynolds numbers from 790-1740, which corresponds to curvature dominated venous flows, with a monotonic reduction in non-dimensionalized curvature(κ∗) ranging from 0-0.2. Computational fluid dynamic simulations were performed using pimpleFoam solver of OpenFOAM. A systematic approach to link global energetics with local flow mechanisms. The initial analysis quantified the cycle resolved energy loss which varied between 6.28 to 8.85 mW for different conditions. A strong geometric modulation of dissipation peaks was noticed during acceleration dominated phases. A second level analysis was done for identifying the vortical structures using λ2-criterion, Q-criterion and swirling strength. These metrics collectively exemplify coherent spiral structures, whose persistence spatially and temporal stability varied markedly across different configurations. A combined evaluation across minimum, peak, and other sensitive states in the cycle demonstrated that the configurations promoting gradual curvatures sustain stable vortical cores and lower energetic penalties when compared to sharper junctions. The latter exhibit episodic destabilization of vortical structures, with increased energy loss. This framework bridges the assessment of energetics with vortex level diagnostics for understanding vascular hemodynamics.