Two and Three-Dimensional Benchmarks for Two-Phase Flow Modeling in Boiling
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This work presents a one-fluid formulation for two-phase flow coupled with jump boundary conditions at the interface using the Finite Element Method (FEM) to describe the vapor liquid phase change in boiling. The Level Set Method (LSM) is employed to capture the interface, validated through canonical benchmarks including the Stefan, Sucking Interface, Scriven, and the rising bubble benchmarks, respectively, using the momentum transport and energy equations. In thermal benchmarks, the work presents comparisons between various averaging strategies for the effective diffusivity, along with a convergence study with respect to the analytical solution in two and three-dimensional simulations. Regarding momentum transport, the Navier–Stokes VMS solver coupled with capillary effects exhibits strong consistency with existing literature, reproducing bubble dynamics such as center of mass, velocity fields, and circularity, while emphasizing the dependence of bubble behavior on size and surface tension.
