Biomechanics of collective cell invasion
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Collective invasion may occur by single mesenchymal cells or hybrid epithelial-mesenchymal cell groups that detach from cancerous tissue in an early stage before cells proliferate. Tumors may also emit invading protrusions of epithelial cells. We have devised a novel hybrid cellular Potts model comprising passive and active cells able to describe these different types of collective invasion. Cell types have different adhesion properties and sensitivity to active forces. The mechanics of cells and the substrate is worked out by finite element methods and fractional step Monte Carlo dynamics. Durotaxis (motion led by stiffness gradients of the substrate) and active pushing or pulling forces have different symmetry properties and are included in different half steps of the method. Compared with a single step method, fractional step produces more realistic cellular invasion scenarios with little computational effort [1]. Besides cellular mechanics, biochemical mechanisms determine how cells acquire their different phenotypes and adopt their motion characteristics [2]. On a macroscopic supracellular scale, continuum equations describing densities of cells with different phenotype, velocities and shape tensors can be obtained by coarse graining the cellular models (see [3] for a simpler model). Overall, our work is a significant first step towards more complete descriptions of metastasis. REFERENCES [1] R. González-Albaladejo, M. Carretero and L.L. Bonilla. Early stages of collective cell invasion: Biomechanics. Communications in Nonlinear Science and Numerical Simulation 2025, submitted. [2] R. González-Albaladejo, M. Carretero and L.L. Bonilla. Early stages of collective cell invasion: Biochemistry. Preprint 2025. [3] G. Triguero, F. Ziebert and L. L. Bonilla. Coarse graining the vertex model and its response to shear. Physical Review E, Vol. 108, 044118, 2023.
