A 1D Kinematically Enriched Ribbon Model for Simulation of Winding of Superconducting Tapes
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Conductor on Round Core (CORC) superconducting cables are an emerging technology for high-current, high-field applications requiring compact and mechanically flexible conductors. These cables are fabricated by helically winding multiple high-temperature superconducting (HTS) tapes around a cylindrical core, a process that induces complex coupled deformation modes in the tapes. In this work, a novel one-dimensional ribbon finite element is developed to model the deformation mechanics of HTS tapes. The formulation is based on a centerline representation, where the spatial position is first defined along the ribbon centroid using one-dimensional B-spline interpolation. The full three-dimensional kinematics are then reconstructed by introducing two independent section directors across the thickness, described by first-order and quadratic fields, which are likewise interpolated along the centerline using B-splines. This enriched kinematic description enables the representation of coupled in-plane and out-of-plane deformation modes, including bending, twisting, warping, transverse shear, and thickness-wise bending associated with anticlastic deformation. The inclusion of the quadratic director is essential to accurately capture bending energy contributions in the thickness direction and to avoid artificial softening inherent to reduced kinematic models. The proposed element is applied to simulate the helical winding of a superconducting ribbon around a cylindrical core. The model provides detailed predictions of stress and strain distributions across the ribbon cross-section, offering insight into deformation mechanisms that are not accessible with conventional beam, shell, or previously used three-dimensional solid models. Overall, the presented ribbon element provides a computationally efficient and physically consistent framework for analyzing HTS tape deformation in CORC cable manufacturing, supporting improved design and reliability of superconducting cable systems.
