Droplets and bubbles are omnipresent in many environmental and industrial applications that involve atomization and emulsification processes, and the ability to control the size of these dispersed elements in turbulent multiphase flows is essential for design and optimization purposes. This study investigates the physical connection between turbulence evolution and the fragmentation of droplets in incompressible non-decaying homogeneous isotropic turbulence (HIT). Using interface-resolved direct numerical simulation of a HIT box laden with droplets, and based on the concept of enstrophy transport across turbulent length scales, we analyze the temporal and spectral rates of enstrophy generation in a statistically steady-state condition. We monitor the different mechanisms of enstrophy production, such as vortex stretching, dissipation and surface tension contributions, particularly upon breakup of a droplet and relate the probability of droplet breakup to the competition among these mechanisms. Also, in the case of turbulent emulsifications with cascades of droplets, our analysis reveals that at a specific characteristic length scale, these contributions become spectrally comparable. We connect the associated wavenumber to the pivoting wavenumber in the droplet-laden energy cascade in comparison to its single-phase counterpart, as well as the slope change in the size distribution of droplets [1]. We examine this observation for different Taylor-scale Reynolds and Weber numbers. The present study carries a direct implication for the size prediction of drop and/or bubble-laden turbulent flows. Future works will focus on further evaluation of this conclusion by experimentation using three-dimensional optical measurement and its extension to fragmentation in more complex conditions.